Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) have emerged as a popular technology for wastewater treatment due to their excellent removal efficiencies and compact footprint. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely utilized in MBR systems owing to their inherent resistance to fouling, chemical resistan

Membrane bioreactors (MABR) are advanced technologies rapidly transforming the landscape of wastewater treatment. Unlike conventional methods, MABR technologies integrate a biological reactor with a membrane purification module, offering enhanced efficiency. This combined approach achieves signif